Chapter 8


Cosmic rays

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Chemical composition of primary cosmic rays................220 Relative abundances........................................221 Abundances in the galactic cosmic rays.....................222 Relative abundances of nuclei..............................223 Cosmic ray energy spectra..................................224 Cutoff rigidity............................................225 Particle production in the atmosphere......................226 Gamma-ray production in the atmosphere.....................227 Altitude variation of cosmic rays..........................228 Atmospheric depth..........................................229 Pressure and atmospheric thickness.........................230 Bibliography...............................................230