Appendix B

A sample text file from the ADS Abstract Service showing XML markup for the full bibliographic entry, including records from STI, MNRAS, and SIMBAD. Items in bold are those selected to create the canonical text file shown in Appendix C.

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE ADS_BIBALL SYSTEM "ads.dtd">
<ADS_BIBALL>

<BIBRECORD origin="STI">
<TITLE>Spectroscopic confirmation of redshifts predicted by gravitational lensing</TITLE>
<AUTHORS>
<AU AF="1">
<FNAME>Tim</FNAME>
<LNAME>Ebbels</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU AF="1">
<FNAME>Richard</FNAME>
<LNAME>Ellis</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU AF="2">
<FNAME>Jean-Paul</FNAME>
<LNAME>Kneib</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU AF="2">
<FNAME>Jean-Francois</FNAME>
<LNAME>LeBorgne</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU AF="2">
<FNAME>Roser</FNAME>
<LNAME>Pello</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU AF="3">
<FNAME>Ian</FNAME>
<LNAME>Smail</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU AF="4">
<FNAME>Blai</FNAME>
<LNAME>Sanahuja</LNAME>
</AU>
</AUTHORS>
<AFFILIATIONS>
<AF ident="AF_1">Cambridge, Univ.</AF>
<AF ident="AF_2">Observatoire Midi-Pyrenees</AF>
<AF ident="AF_3">Durham, Univ.</AF>
<AF ident="AF_4">Barcelona, Univ.</AF>
</AFFILIATIONS>
<MSTRING>Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices, vol. 295, p. 75</MSTRING>
<MONOGRAPH>
<MTITLE>Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices</MTITLE>
<VOLUME>295</VOLUME>
</MONOGRAPH>
<PAGE>75</PAGE>
<PUBDATE>
<YEAR>1998</YEAR>
<MONTH>03</MONTH>
</PUBDATE>
<CATEGORIES>
<CA>Astrophysics</CA>
<CATEGORIES>
<BIBCODE>1998MNRAS.295...75E</BIBCODE>
<BIBTYPE>article</BIBTYPE>
<IDENTIFIERS>
<ID type="ACCNO">A98-51106</ID>
</IDENTIFIERS>
<KEYWORDS system="STI">
<KW>GRAVITATIONAL LENSES</KW>
<KW>RED SHIFT</KW>
<KW>HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE</KW>
<KW>GALACTIC CLUSTERS</KW>
<KW>ASTRONOMICAL SPECTROSCOPY</KW>
<KW>MASS DISTRIBUTION</KW>
<KW>SPECTROGRAPHS</KW>
<KW>PREDICTION ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES</KW>
<KW>ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOMETRY</KW>
</KEYWORDS>
<ABSTRACT>
We present deep spectroscopic measurements of 18 distant field galaxies identified as gravitationally lensed arcs in a Hubble Space Telescope image of the cluster Abell 2218. Redshifts of these objects were predicted by Kneib et al. using a lensing analysis constrained by the properties of two bright arcs of known redshift and other multiply imaged sources. The new spectroscopic identifications were obtained using long exposures with the LDSS-2 spectrograph on the William Herschel Telescope, and demonstrate the capability of that instrument to reach new limits, R = 24; the lensing magnification implies true source magnitudes as faint as R = 25. Statistically, our measured redshifts are in excellent agreement with those predicted from Kneib et al.'s lensing analysis, and this gives considerable support to the redshift distribution derived by the lensing inversion method for the more numerous and fainter arclets extending to R = 25.5. We explore the remaining uncertainties arising from both the mass distribution in the central regions of Abell 2218 and the inversion method itself, and conclude that the mean redshift of the faint field population at R = 25.5 (B = 26-27) is low, (z = 0.8-1). We discuss this result in the context of redshift distributions estimated from multicolor photometry.
<ABSTRACT>
</BIBRECORD>

<BIBRECORD origin="MNRAS">
<TITLE>Spectroscopic confirmation of redshifts predicted by gravitational lensing</TITLE>
<AUTHORS>
<AU AF="1">
<FNAME>Tim</FNAME>
<LNAME>Ebbels</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU AF="1" EM="1">
<FNAME>Richard</FNAME>
<LNAME>Ellis</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU AF="2">
<FNAME>Jean-Paul</FNAME>
<LNAME>Kneib</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU AF="2">
<FNAME>Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois</FNAME>
<LNAME>LeBorgne</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU AF="2">
<FNAME>Roser</FNAME>
<LNAME>Pell&oacute;</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU AF="3">
<FNAME>Ian</FNAME>
<LNAME>Smail</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU AF="4">
<FNAME>Blai</FNAME>
<LNAME>Sanahuja</LNAME>
</AU>
</AUTHORS>
<AFFILIATIONS>
<AF ident="AF_1">Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</AF>
<AF ident="AF_2">Observatoire Midi-Pyr&eacute;n&eacute; es, 14 Avenue E. Belin</AF>
<AF ident="AF_3">Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE</AF>
<AF ident="AF_4">Departament d&apos;Astronomia i Meteorologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 648, 08028 Barcelona, Spain</AF>
</AFFILIATIONS>
<EMAILS>
<EM ident="EM_1">rse@ast.cam.ac.uk</EM>
</EMAILS>
<MSTRING>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 295, Issue 1, pp. 75-91.</MSTRING>
<MONOGRAPH>
<MTITLE>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</MTITLE>
<MTITLE>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</MTITLE>
<VOLUME>295</VOLUME>
<ISSUE>1</ISSUE>
</MONOGRAPH>
<PAGE>75</PAGE>
<LPAGE>91</LPAGE>
<PUBDATE>
<YEAR>1998</YEAR>
<MONTH>03</MONTH>
</PUBDATE>
<COPYRIGHT>1998: The Royal Astronomical Society</COPYRIGHT>
<BIBCODE>1998MNRAS.295...75E</BIBCODE>
<KEYWORDS system="AAS">
<KW>GALAXIES: CLUSTERS: INDIVIDUAL: ABELL 2218</KW>
<KW>GALAXIES: EVOLUTION</KW>
<KW>COSMOLOGY: OBSERVATIONS</KW>
<KW>GRAVITATIONAL LENSING</KW>
</KEYWORDS>
<ABSTRACT>
We present deep spectroscopic measurements of 18 distant field galaxies identified as gravitationally lensed arcs in a Hubble Space Telescope image of the cluster Abell2218. Redshifts of these objects were predicted by Kneib et al. using a lensing analysis constrained by the properties of two bright arcs of known redshift and other multiply imaged sources. The new spectroscopic identifications were obtained using long exposures with the LDSS-2 spectrograph on the William Herschel Telescope, and demonstrate the capability of that instrument to reach new limits, R&sime;24 the lensing magnification implies true source magnitudes as faint as R&sime;25. Statistically, our measured redshifts are in excellent agreement with those predicted from Kneib et al.'s lensing analysis, and this gives considerable support to the redshift distribution derived by the lensing inversion method for the more numerous and fainter arclets extending to R&sime;25.5. We explore the remaining uncertainties arising from both the mass distribution in the central regions of Abell2218 and the inversion method itself, and conclude that the mean redshift of the faint field population at R&sime;25.5 (B&sim;26&ndash;27) is low, &lang;z&rang;=0.8&ndash;1. We discuss this result in the context of redshift distributions estimated from multicolour photometry. Although such comparisons are not straightforward, we suggest that photometric techniques may achieve a reasonable level of agreement, particularly when they include near-infrared photometry with discriminatory capabilities in the 1&lt;z&lt;2 range.
</ABSTRACT>
</BIBRECORD>

<BIBRECORD origin="SIMBAD">
<TITLE>Spectroscopic confirmation of redshifts predicted by gravitational lensing.</TITLE>
<AUTHORS>
<AU>
<FNAME>T.</FNAME>
<LNAME>Ebbels</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU>
<FNAME>R.</FNAME>
<LNAME>Ellis</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU>
<FNAME>J.-P.</FNAME>
<LNAME>Kneib</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU>
<FNAME>J.-F.</FNAME>
<LNAME>LeBorgne</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU>
<FNAME>R.</FNAME>
<LNAME>Pell&oacute;</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU>
<FNAME>I.</FNAME>
<LNAME>Smail</LNAME>
</AU>
<AU>
<FNAME>B.</FNAME>
<LNAME>Sanahuja</LNAME>
</AU>
</AUTHORS>
<MSTRING>Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 295, 75-91 (1998)</MSTRING>
<MONOGRAPH>
<MTITLE>Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.</MTITLE>
<VOLUME>295</VOLUME>
<MONOGRAPH>
<PAGE>75</PAGE>
<LPAGE>91</LPAGE>
<PUBDATE>
<YEAR>1998</YEAR>
<MONTH>03</MONTH>
</PUBDATE>
<BIBCODE>1998MNRAS.295...75E</BIBCODE>
</BIBRECORD>
</ADS_BIBALL>